Introduction
University and ceremonial gowns are powerful symbols of academic achievement, knowledge and tradition. This article is devoted to a comparison of gown types, exploring and analysing the different gowns based on their origins, symbolism, traditions and modern developments. Whether it's a bachelor's, master's, doctoral or ceremonial gown, each type has its own unique characteristics and meaning.
To fully understand the differences between the different types of toga, it is essential to start with their historical origins. Let's find out how each type of gown came into being and developed over time.
To find out more about the different types of university gowns and their meanings, don't hesitate to consult our detailed article on the subject.
Historical Origins
Licence gown
The bachelor's gown has its origins in the robes worn by students and scholars in the Middle Ages. Adopted by European universities such as Paris and Oxford, it was a symbol of academic status and knowledge.
Master's gown
The master's gown, also of medieval origin, evolved to mark a higher academic level. Universities that pioneered the adoption of this garment include Paris, Oxford and Bologna. The master's gown is distinguished by its long, square sleeves.
Doctorate gown
The doctoral gown is a symbol of supreme academic achievement. It was adopted by the first European universities to distinguish the highest levels of knowledge and research. It features wide sleeves and special ornamentation.
Teacher's gown
The teacher's gown symbolises wisdom, academic prestige and authority. Used by teachers at official ceremonies, it reflects their role in transmitting knowledge.
Ceremonial Gown
The ceremonial gown has its roots in the robes worn by religious dignitaries and academics to mark formal and solemn events. Used for a variety of ceremonies, it symbolises dignity and authority.
Let's now look at the symbolism of each type of toga and how it manifests itself through their distinctive features.
Symbolism and Characteristics
Licence gown
- Colours : Varies by discipline (blue for humanities, green for natural sciences, red for law).
- Fabrics : Usually in polyester, sometimes in wool or silk for special occasions.
- Symbols : Represent the completion of undergraduate studies.
Master's gown
- Colours : Black with coloured sashes or ornaments depending on the discipline.
- Sleeves : Long and square, symbolising the rigour and depth of their studies.
- Symbols : Indicates an advanced academic level and a commitment to knowledge.
Doctorate gown
- Colours : Standard black with gold or institution-specific embellishments.
- Sleeves : Wide and ornate, symbolising wisdom and expertise.
- Symbols : Represent the supreme academic achievement and authority in a field of study.
Teacher's gown
- Colours : Generally black, with ornaments and sashes specific to the university or discipline.
- Sleeves : Long and wide, symbolising authority and academic prestige.
- Symbols : Represent wisdom, knowledge and commitment to teaching.
Ceremonial Gown
- Colours : Vary according to tradition and context (purple for religious ceremonies, red for academic ceremonies, blue for cultural celebrations).
- Accessories : Mortar, scarf, cord.
- Symbols : Dignity, solemnity and authority in formal contexts.
Now that we've explored the symbolism, let's look at the traditions and rituals associated with each type of toga.
Traditions and rituals
Licence gown
- Graduation ceremonies : Worn by students at graduation ceremonies.
- Traditional gestures : Passing the mortar tassel from the right to the left side.
Master's gown
- Graduation ceremonies : Worn by Masters students at official ceremonies.
- Cultural elements : Sometimes accompanied by traditions specific to each university.
Doctorate gown
- Doctoral ceremonies : Worn at thesis defences and doctoral graduations.
- Specific rituals : May include accessories such as a rector's chain or ceremonial staff.
Teacher's gown
- Academic ceremonies : Worn by teachers at graduations and official ceremonies.
- Symbol of Knowledge: The professor's gown symbolises the transmission of knowledge and academic commitment.
Ceremonial Gown
- Solemn ceremonies : Used in academic, religious and cultural contexts.
- Shared symbol : Combined with other ceremonial symbols such as the ceremonial staff.
The ceremonial toga also has a significant cultural influence, present in the media and beyond official events. Let's take a closer look.
Cultural influence
Licence gown
The Bachelor's gown is often depicted in films and TV series at graduation ceremonies, symbolising the end of an important educational cycle.
Master's gown
In the media, the Master's gown symbolises advanced academic achievement and is often worn by characters celebrating their educational successes.
Doctorate gown
Represented as the pinnacle of academic achievement, the doctoral gown is often seen in thesis defence scenes and graduation ceremonies, symbolising authority and knowledge.
Teacher's gown
The professor's gown is often used in films and TV series during academic ceremonies, symbolising academic authority and wisdom.
Ceremonial Gown
The ceremonial toga is used to mark solemn events in films and series, reinforcing its role as a symbol of dignity and tradition.
To conclude, let's look at how each type of toga has evolved to suit modern needs and preferences.
Evolution and Modern Adaptation
Licence gown
Modern licensing gowns can be made from eco-friendly materials and are designed to be comfortable and functional.
Master's gown
Masters gowns have evolved with customisation options, allowing students to choose colours and patterns that reflect their personal identity.
Doctorate gown
Modern doctoral gowns incorporate innovative materials for greater comfort and durability, while retaining their traditional features.
Teacher's gown
Modern teacher gowns are designed to reflect academic dignity and authority, with customisation options and comfortable materials.
Ceremonial Gown
Ceremonial gowns have adopted modern cuts and eco-friendly materials, while retaining their traditional appearance and symbolism.
Conclusion
A comparison of gown types reveals the richness and diversity of academic and ceremonial traditions. Each type of gown - Bachelor, Master, Doctorate, Professor and Ceremonial - has unique characteristics and profound meaning. By wearing these gowns, participants celebrate not only their own achievements, but also their commitment to the values and traditions of their institution or culture. Whether through their symbolism, traditions or modern evolution, gowns remain central to formal ceremonies, honouring the past while embracing the future.
